KEYNOTE B1 INTERMEDIATE KEYNOTE 3
INDEX
Presente simple y presente continuo
Pasado simple y pasado continuo
Presente perfecto simple
Presente perfecto con “for” y “since”
Pasado perfecto simple
Pasado perfecto continuo
Verbos modales (can, could, may, might, must, should, would)
Comparativos y superlativos
Uso de “used to” y “would” (hábitos en el pasado)
Futuro con “will” y “going to”
Voz pasiva en presente, pasado y futuro
Oraciones condicionales (tipo 0, 1, 2 y 3)
Adjetivos y adverbios (formas y diferencias)
Preposiciones de lugar, tiempo y movimiento
Preguntas con “wh-” y preguntas indirectas
Pronombres personales, reflexivos, relativos e indefinidos
Sustantivos contables e incontables
Cuantificadores (some, any, much, many, a few, a little)
Verbos con gerundio e infinitivo
Expresiones de cantidad (a lot of, plenty of, few, little)
Verbo “wish” y expresiones de deseo
Verbos de percepción (see, hear, feel)
Estilo indirecto (reported speech)
Conectores y palabras de relación (although, despite,
because, however, etc.)
Preguntas de confirmación (question tags)
Oraciones relativas definidas y no definidas
Expresiones de frecuencia y hábitos (always, usually,
sometimes)
Frases hechas y modismos comunes para mejorar fluidez
CONVERSATION TOPICS
Talk about 5 moments of your childhood you remember most.
Describe a place you've visited that you loved.
Share three things you do to relax after a busy day.
Tell a story about the best meal you've ever had.
What is something you did last weekend? Explain.
Who is your favorite family member and why?
Name a hobby you want to try and explain why.
Share a time you made a new friend.
Tell about a difficult decision you had to make.
What does your typical morning look like?
Describe a dream job for you.
Speak about a technology you can't live without.
What are 3 things you are grateful for?
Name a movie that made you think and explain.
Describe an environmental problem in your country.
Tell about a sport or game you play.
What three places would you like to visit?
Share a tradition from your culture.
Describe someone who inspires you.
What is the bravest thing you have ever done?
Tell an embarrassing moment that you can laugh about now.
What skills would you like to learn?
Speak about something you bought and loved.
Talk about a book you enjoyed.
Name a pet you have or want and why.
What do you do to stay healthy?
Describe your favorite holiday or festival.
Explain how social media affects your life.
What’s something you want to change about your city?
Talk about a time you helped someone.
What do you do to save money?
Share a favorite childhood toy.
Describe your best friend in 3 adjectives.
Tell about a time you felt proud.
What is your favorite way to spend Sunday?
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TALKING ABOUT
PROCESSES: THINGS THAT ARE DONE IN CLASS AND OTHER CONTEXTS
WARM-UP. WHAT ARE
YOU DOING NOW? WHAT ARE YOU STUDYING? WHAT ARE YOUR PARENTS OR RELATIVES DOING?
WHAT IS THE TEACHER DOING?
LET’S CHANGE YOUR
ACTIVE VOICE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE!
GREETINGS IN PASSIVE
VOICE AND PRESENT PERFECT (SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS)
WHAT HAVE YOU
BEEN DOING?
WHAT HAVE YOU
DONE?
WHAT HAVE YOU BEEN
UP TO?
WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?
HOW HAVE YOU
BEEN?
How Coffee is Harvested in Antioquia
Coffee production in Antioquia is renowned worldwide for its quality. The process is started by small farmers in the mountainous regions around Medellín. Ripe red cherries are picked carefully by hand from October to January, when the weather is perfect.
After harvesting, the cherries are transported to processing stations. There, the fruit is removed and the beans are washed in clean mountain water. The wet beans are dried in the sun for several days until they are ready for roasting.
Finally, the premium coffee is exported from Puerto Antioquia to countries around the world. This traditional method is maintained by generations of paisa farmers.
When are ripe red cherries picked in Antioquia?
How are the cherries picked during harvest season?
What happens to the cherries after harvesting at processing stations?
How are the wet beans dried before roasting?
Where is the premium coffee exported from Antioquia
ASK EACH OTHER
QUESTIONS IN PASSIVE VOICE USING THE FOLLOWING VERBS. THE QUESTIONS CAN BE
PERSONAL OR CULTURE-FOCUSED. EXAMPLE WITH THE VERB EAT: IS THE APPLE BEING
EATEN BY YOU OR BY SOMEONE ELSE? NO, THE APPLE IS EATEN BY ME. I BOUGHT IT A WHILE
AGO.
VISIT
SEE
WRITE
DO
FINISH
WASH
KNOW
LOOK AT THESE IMAGES AND MAKE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE ACCORDINGLY. THEN ASK EACH OTHER QUESTIONS ACCORDINGLY. EXAMPLE:
IS THE SWEATER
BEING KNITTED OR WOVEN? THE SWEATER IS BEING KNITTED BY THE LADY.
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Making
predictions and plans (WILL vs GOING TO)
WARM-UP. MENTION
TWO THINGS THAT ARE HAPPENING AT THIS MOMENT AROUND YOU. LOOK AROUND AND TRY TO
MAKE A SENTENCE WITH WHAT YOU PERCEIVE. EXAMPLE: THE TEACHER IS IN FRONT OF US.
HE’S EXPLAINING. THERE’S A CAR PARKED JUST BEYOND THE WINDOW.
NOW, BASED ON
YOUR STATEMENTS, MAKE SOME PREDICTIONS OR PLANS. EXAMPLE: THE CAR IS PARKED
NEXT TO US. IT’S GOING TO BE THERE FOR A LONG TIME. THE TEACHER IS EXPLAINING THE
LESSON. THE CLASS WILL END IN ONE HALF HOUR.
NEXT, ASK EACH
OTHER QUESTIONS FROM THE STATEMENTS AND PREDICTIONS YOU YOURSELVES CREATED.
EXAMPLES: IS THE TEACHER GOING OUT AFTER THIS CLASS? NO, I THINK HE IS NOT. WILL
THE CAR BE PARKED FOR TWO MORE HOURS, DO YOU THINK?
LOOK AT THESE
PREDICTIONS. DO YOU THINK THEY ARE REALISTIC OR ARE A SNOWBALL’S CHANCE IN HELL?
Electric vehicles are adopted by over 50% of new car sales in Europe and the US.
Pigs are taught to fly commercially between cities.
Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are expanded globally, reducing carbon emissions by 30%.
Gravity is turned off on Earth for fun sports events.
AI tools are integrated into classrooms worldwide to personalize learning for students.
Money is abolished worldwide, with everyone bartering bananas.
Remote work policies are maintained by major companies, changing urban commuting patterns.
Time travel is invented for everyday vacations to the past.
Space tourism is offered commercially to wealthy individuals several times a year.
All world leaders are replaced by AI robots overnight.
DISCUSS
WILL THE PLANET
BE MORE LIVEABLE THAN IT IS RIGHT NOW? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWER
WHERE WILL MOST
OF US BE LIVING ACCORDING TO THE VIDEO?
WILL AI PLAY A
VITAL ROLE? WHY?
LOOK AT THESE
IMAGES AND MAKE YOUR PREDICTIONS
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EXPRESSING STRONG AND MILD OBLIGATION AND GIVING ADVICE IN ENGLISH
WARM-UP... SHOULD YOU OR MUST YOU DO THESE ACTIVITIES??
Must (stong obligation)
You must wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle.
Employees must arrive at work by 8 a.m. every day.
You must pay your bills before the due date.
Visitors must show their ID before entering the building.
Drivers must stop at red traffic lights.
Should (Mild obligation)
You should drink plenty of water to stay healthy.
Students should review their notes regularly.
People should get at least 7 hours of sleep every night.
You should avoid eating too much junk food.
We should recycle to protect the environment.
SPEAKING. ACTIVITY 1. MAKE A LIST OF 5 THINGS THAT ARE PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS, USING EITHER MUST OR SHOULD CONVENIENTLY. SHARE THEM WITH THE GROUP.
SPEAKING. GIVE 5 RECOMMENDATIONS YOU THINK ARE NECESSARY TO STAY HEALTHY AND IN GOOD SHAPE
SPEAKING. WORK IN PAIRS. GIVE ADVICE TO YOUR PARTNER IN NEED. DO AS IF YOU HAD THREE PROBLEMS AND PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EACH CASE
SPEAKING. EXPLAIN WHY THESE RULES MUST BE ENFORCED- WORK IN PAIRS. DECIDE EITHER MUST OR SHOULD
Arrive on time for meetings. (Work)
Wear the school uniform every day. (School)
Submit assignments before the deadline. (School)
Keep your workspace clean and organized. (Work)
No phones during class or work hours. (School/Work)
Respect colleagues and teachers at all times. (Work/School)
Complete all required reports by Friday. (Work)
Follow safety procedures in the lab or office. (School/Work)
Participate actively in team discussions. (Work/School)
MUST - SHOULD --- VIDEO MEDICAL ADVICE
What rules must students follow in school, and what should they do to succeed?
(E.g., "Students must not cheat, but they should study every day.")In a workplace, what must employees do, and what should they do to get promoted?
(E.g., "Employees must arrive on time, but they should work overtime sometimes.")For a healthy lifestyle, what must people do, and what should they do?
(E.g., "People must drink water, but they should exercise regularly.")When driving, what must drivers do, and what should they do for safety?
(E.g., "Drivers must stop at red lights, but they should check mirrors often.")At home, what must family members do, and what should they do to be happy?
(E.g., "Family must respect each other, but they should spend time together.")
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Measuring Time: Using Present Perfect with Since and For
WARM-UP. UNSCRAMBLE THESE SENTENCES
years / lived / have / in / for / they / six / Paris.
since / has / this / studied / morning / she / topic.
four / haven't / played / we / months / tennis / for.
2022 / worked / he / since / has / as / a / teacher.
the / been / have / team / practice / since / at / 3:00 PM.
long / for / our / the / TV / hasn't / broken / a / time.
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INDIVIDUAL WORK
Write three important aspects of your life and things you've done so far using since and for. Example: I have played the piano since I was 10
THINK OF EVENTS THAT HAVE HAPPENED IN YOUR CITY OR NEIGHBORHOOD, AND MAKE SENTENCES USING SINCE AND FOR... EXAMPLES: IT'S BEEN RAINING IN MY CITY LATELY
ACTIVITY IN GROUPS OR PAIRS
ASK YOUR PARTNER OR CLASSMATES HOW LONG THEY HAVE been doing SOMETHING. EXAMPLE: HOW LONG HAVE YOU LIVED HERE? HAVE YOU LIVED HERE SINCE 1999? ASK 3 QUESTIONS
COMPLETE
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Describing Interrupted Ongoing Actions: Past Perfect Continuous Mastery
The Past Perfect Continuous (had been + -ing) vividly captures prolonged activities before another past moment, highlighting duration, effort, and visible results—like "They had been painting the house all week when the rain started." Essential for dynamic storytelling and cause-effect explanations!
The Unexpected Storm
Carlos had been working on his old computer for hours when it suddenly crashed. He had been trying to fix a virus that had been slowing it down all week. "This machine had been letting me down for months," he muttered, frustrated.
Earlier that day, he had been downloading updates while sipping coffee. The rain had been pouring outside, turning the streets into rivers. His neighbor had been knocking on the door to borrow an umbrella, but Carlos had been too focused to hear. By the time he looked up, water had been leaking through the ceiling—the roof had been giving way from the heavy downpour.
Suddenly, the power cut off. Carlos had been counting on finishing his report before the deadline. "I should have backed up my files," he thought. His phone rang; it was his boss. "Had you been saving your work?" she asked. Carlos sighed. He had been putting it off, and now everything was up in the air.
In the end, he grabbed his laptop, which had been sitting idle in the corner. While the storm raged on, he had been piecing together what he remembered. "Live and learn," he said, turning things around just in time. The next day, the sun came out, and so did his motivation. +1
Key Elements Used:
Past Perfect Continuous: had been working, had been trying, had been slowing, had been letting, had been downloading, had been pouring, had been knocking, had been giving way, had been counting, had been putting off, had been sitting, had been piecing
Phrasal Verbs: giving way (colapsando), backed up (respaldado), putting off (postergando), turning things around (remediando), up in the air (en el aire/incertidumbre)
Idioms: live and learn (de la experiencia se aprende), up in the air (pendiente)
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THIS READING
What had Carlos been working on for hours before his computer crashed?
Had Carlos been backing up his files regularly before the power cut?
What had Carlos been putting off that caused him trouble later?
How had Carlos been piecing together his work after the crash?
Personal Questions:
How long had you been studying English before you reached B1 level?
What had you been doing before you decided to become a teacher?
Had you been living in Colombia your whole life before learning about other cultures?
How long had you been practicing your favorite hobby before you got good at it?
Had you been working on any special project before starting this class?
Cultural/General Questions:
How long had people been using traditional arepas before fast food arrived in Colombia?
What had Colombian musicians been creating before reggaeton became popular worldwide?
Had scientists been researching climate change effects before Colombia's 2022 floods?
How long had ancient cultures been living in the Andes before Spanish arrival?
Had technology companies been developing AI before ChatGPT changed conversations?
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Unlocking Past Stories: Past Perfect Simple
The Past Perfect Simple (had + past participle) shows what happened before another past action, like "I had finished eating before the movie started." Perfect for storytelling or explaining sequences!
Had the teacher explained the lesson before we did the exercises?
Why had you forgotten your notebook before entering the classroom?
Had your group finished the project before the presentation?
Had she prepared the materials before the lesson began?
SPEAKING: DISCUSSION TOPICS
Technology Evolution
What new gadgets had you used before smartphones became popular? How had technology changed your daily life before social media arrived?youtube
Environmental Impact
What recycling habits had people adopted before plastic pollution became a global crisis? How had climate change affected your city before new laws were made?
Lifestyle Shifts
What fitness routines had you tried before the pandemic changed exercise habits? How had fast food culture influenced diets before healthy eating trends started?
Digital Learning
What study methods had students used before online classes became common? How had teachers prepared lessons before digital tools were available?
Work-Life Balance
What remote work experiences had you had before COVID forced companies to adapt? How had office routines changed before flexible hours were introduced?
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EXPRESSING PROBABILITIES AND PREDICTIONS: could, may, and might
A Mysterious Weather Day
Last Saturday, dark clouds filled the sky early in the morning. Maria looked outside and thought it might rain soon. "The forecast said 50% chance," she told her brother. "We could stay home and watch movies instead of going to the park."youtube
Her brother checked his phone. "It may just be a passing shower. The temperature is dropping fast, so we might need jackets anyway." Maria wasn't sure. "The wind is picking up. It could turn into a storm by noon." They decided to wait.+1
An hour later, light drops started falling. "See? It might stop soon," her brother said. But Maria shook her head. "No, the clouds look heavy. This could last all day." Suddenly, thunder rumbled. "We may have to cancel our picnic," she added.youtube
In the end, heavy rain poured down. They stayed inside, played games, and laughed about their predictions. "Next time, we'll check the radar earlier," Maria said. Weather is always uncertain, but talking about possibilities helps plan better.
With Could (possibility/past ability/polite request)
It could rain this afternoon, so take an umbrella.youtube
With May (permission/possibility)
They may arrive late because of traffic.youtube
With Might (weak possibility)
We might go to the movies if it doesn't rain.youtube
She might have forgotten about the meeting.
Technology Predictions:
AI might replace teachers in classrooms soon. Do you agree?
Robots might cook dinner at home in the future. Good or bad?
Smartphones could disappear because of new tech. What next?
Social Predictions:
People may work from home forever after COVID. Is it better?
Cities could become too crowded without new laws. Solutions?
Climate change might force everyone to eat less meat. Thoughts?
Mixed Predictions:
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DESCRIBING DISTRESSING AND SAD EVENTS
PRACTICE THIS DIALOGUE
Emma: I feel really overwhelmed these days. Everything seems so complicated.
Jack: Yeah, I know what you mean. Life can throw us curveballs we don’t expect.
Emma: I wish I could turn back time and fix some mistakes I made at work.
Jack: Me too. But sometimes, we just have to pick ourselves up and move forward.
Emma: It’s hard when you feel stuck, like you’re caught in a rut.
Jack: Maybe we should think outside the box and find new ways to deal with things.
Emma: Definitely. I don’t want to dwell on the past anymore; I want to break free.
Jack: That’s the spirit! Let’s figure out how to turn things around together.
Emma: Thanks, Jack. I appreciate you being here when things get rough.
Jack: Anytime, Emma. Remember, every cloud has a silver lining.
ADJECTIVES
Tragic — Trágico/a
Disastrous — Desastroso/a
Devastating — Devastador/a
Catastrophic — Catastrófico/a
Heartbreaking — Desgarrador/a
Dreadful — Horrible, terrible
Woeful — Lamentable
Dire — Extremadamente grave
Bleak — Desolado/a
Miserable — Miserable, muy triste
Harrowing — Angustioso/a
Unfortunate — Desafortunado/a
Lamentable — Lamentable
Distressing — Angustiante
Painful — Doloroso/a
Shocking — Impactante, chocante
Sad — Triste
Terrible — Terrible
Grim — Sombrío/a
Desperate — Desesperado/a
PRACTICE WITH THESE DIALOGUES
1. Funeral Condolences
John: I can't believe she's gone. This tragic event feels so unreal.
Mary: I know, John. It’s heartbreaking to lose someone so dear.
John: The whole family is devastated and desolate.
Mary: We must stay strong and support each other in these woeful times.
John: Her loss leaves such a bleak future for all of us.
Mary: Remember, the pain is deep but we’ll heal together.
John: Your words bring comfort in this dire moment.
Mary: I'm here for you whenever you need to talk.
John: Thank you. It means a lot during this distressing situation.
Mary: We will get through this, one day at a time.
2. Losing a University Course
Anna: I failed the course. It’s such a disappointing setback.
Paul: Don’t be discouraged. It’s an unfortunate hurdle, but you can try again.
Anna: It feels like a grim situation for my future plans.
Paul: It’s painful, but not the end of your journey.
Anna: I’m worried I might not recover from this dreadful experience.
Paul: You’re capable. Let’s plan how to turn this around.
Anna: Thanks for your support. It’s a harrowing moment for me.
Paul: We’ll work on it together. You’re not alone.
Anna: That helps. I want to move past this miserable feeling.
Paul: With effort, you’ll overcome this unfortunate chapter.
3. Being Unemployed
Mark: Being unemployed is a devastating and dire condition.
Lily: I understand. It’s a distressing time but keep your hopes alive.
Mark: I feel bleak and hopeless without any job offers.
Lily: It’s a painful stage, but your skills will open doors.
Mark: This situation feels catastrophic for my finances.
Lily: Let’s update your resume and apply smartly.
Mark: Your encouragement means a lot in this wretched phase.
Lily: We’ll get through this tough and miserable period together.
Mark: I hope this grim chapter ends soon.
Lily: It will. Stay strong and persistent.
4. Breakup Support
Sarah: The breakup was heartbreaking and left me devastated.
Tom: It’s woeful to lose someone you cared about deeply.
Sarah: The situation feels bleak and full of sorrow.
Tom: It’s distressing, but time heals all pain.
Sarah: I’m drowning in miserable memories and loneliness.
Tom: Let’s focus on the future, it won’t last forever.
Sarah: Your words help in this painful moment.
Tom: I’m here whenever you want to talk it out.
Sarah: Thanks, I feel less desperate already.
Tom: Together you can rise from this lamentable phase.
5. Family Problems
Emily: Our family problems have become so distressing and dire.
Paul: I’m sorry to hear that. These are painful times.
Emily: The situation is grim and heartbreaking for all of us.
Paul: Communication and patience can help us through.
Emily: It feels like an unfortunate and unbearable burden.
Paul: We’ll work together to find some relief and peace.
Emily: Your understanding is comforting in this woeful time.
Paul: We’ll get through these hard days, step by step.
Emily: I hope so, this is a hopeless feeling now.
Paul: Don’t lose faith; better days are ahead.
6. Concern About Animal Extinction
Lara: It’s catastrophic how quickly this species is disappearing.
John: Such a tragic and bleak situation for biodiversity.
Lara: It makes me feel despair and deep sorrow.
John: This distressing problem needs urgent attention.
Lara: The consequences could be disastrous for the ecosystem.
John: We should act now to save what we can.
Lara: It’s a painful truth, but hope isn’t lost.
John: Together, we can make a difference.
Lara: Thanks for your support in this grim cause.
John: Every effort counts in this desperate fight.
7. Worry About Missing a Trip
Anna: Missing the trip feels like such a dreadful loss.
Mark: It’s unfortunate, but sometimes plans fall apart.
Anna: I’m stuck in this miserable and frustrating situation.
Mark: I understand; it’s painful to deal with disappointment.
Anna: The whole experience feels bleak and upsetting.
Mark: Perhaps we can reschedule or find alternatives.
Anna: Your ideas bring hope to this distressing problem.
Mark: We’ll figure something out, don’t lose heart.
Anna: Thanks for your help during this grim time.
Mark: Anytime. I’m here to support you through this.
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EXPRESSING WISHES: WISH , HOPE, AND OTHER FORMS
The difference between I wish + past and I wish + would is about the kind of wish and the time or situation you are referring to.
I wish + past simple is used to talk about wishes or regrets about the present or the general situation now.
Example: I wish I lived closer to my family. (But I don't live close.)
This form shows you want something about the current situation to be different.I wish + would is used to express a wish or desire about someone else's behavior or about a situation in the future, often things you want to change or hope will happen.
Example: I wish you would stop smoking. (You smoke now, and I want you to stop.)
It can also express impatience or dissatisfaction.
In summary:
Use I wish + past for present or general wishes, impossible or unreal now.
Use I wish + would when you want someone to do something or something to change in the future.
Examples:
I wish it didn’t rain so much. (Present wish about weather)
I wish he would call me more often. (Wish about someone’s action)
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CONNECTING IDEAS IN SPEECH
Because, Since, As
These connectors explain reasons or causes.
Because is the most common and is used in the middle of
sentences.
Example: I stayed home because it was raining.
Since and As also mean “because,” but appear more often at
the beginning of sentences.
Example: Since it was late, we decided to go home.
Example: As I was busy, I couldn’t join you.
Although, Despite
These express contrast — something happens despite another
fact.
Although is a conjunction and is followed by a subject +
verb.
Example: Although it was cold, we went out.
Despite is a preposition and is followed by a noun or
gerund.
Example: Despite the bad weather, the event was successful.
However, Furthermore, Therefore
These are conjunctive adverbs used to connect ideas between
sentences.
However introduces contrast or contradiction.
Example: She studied hard. However, she didn’t pass.
Furthermore adds extra information or emphasis.
Example: He is smart. Furthermore, he is hardworking.
Therefore shows result or consequence.
Example: It rained all day. Therefore, the match was
cancelled.
On the other hand, On the other side, On the flip side
These phrases introduce an alternative or opposite
viewpoint.
Example: I love city life. On the other hand, the
countryside is peaceful.
Example: She wants to travel. On the flip side, she worries
about money.
No wonder, To no surprise
These express that something is expected or obvious because
of the situation.
Example: No wonder he’s tired, he worked all night.
Example: To no surprise, they won the game.
Failing that
This phrase means “if the first plan doesn’t work, then…”
Example: We’ll meet at the cafe at 5. Failing that, I’ll
call you.
READING
Last weekend, I planned to go hiking with my friends.
Because the weather forecast predicted rain, we had to put off our trip.
Although we were disappointed, we decided to make the most of the day indoors.
Despite the change of plans, my friend dropped by to keep
me company. Since we both love movies, we caught up on some new releases we
had missed. However, the internet connection kept acting up, which spoiled the
experience a bit. Furthermore, we realized that the power went out for an
hour.
Therefore, we decided to turn in early and get some rest.
On the other hand, spending some quiet time was relaxing and gave us a chance
to wind down.
On the flip side, it was frustrating not to enjoy the
outdoor activities we had planned. No wonder we felt tired the next day, to no
surprise, we slept like logs.
Failing that, if the weather is better next weekend, we’ll
head out for that hike after all.
New verbs:
Put off - aplazar
Drop by - pasar por, visitar de manera inesperada
Caught up on - ponerse al día (en algo)
Turned out - resultó
Turn in - ir a la cama, acostarse
Wind down - relajarse, calmarse
Head out - salir, partir (hacia un lugar)
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Because it was raining heavily, we decided to stay indoors.
______ we wanted to go hiking, the weather wasn’t on our side. ______ the bad
weather, my friend came over to help me with my project. ______ we had nothing
else to do, we took the opportunity to watch a new movie.
_______, the movie wasn’t as good as we expected. ________,
the sound system was not working properly, which made it difficult to enjoy.
________, we turned it off and decided to play board games instead.
_______, spending time together helped us relax and bond,
which was the main goal. ________, it was a bit disappointing not to enjoy the
outdoor activities we planned.
_______ we felt tired by the end of the day, ________, we
slept really well that night. ________, if the weather is nice tomorrow, we’ll try
to go for a hike then.
Complete with:
Although, Despite, Since, Because, However, Furthermore,
Therefore, On the other hand, On the flip side, No wonder, To no surprise,
Failing that.
ORAL PRACTICE: INVENT A STORY USING THE PHRASAL VERBS AND LINKERS STUDIED. KEEP THE STORY GOING. EACH STUDENT MUST SAY ONE SENTENCE
CHOOSE A TOPIC AND WRITE A SHORT STORY AND SHARE IT TO THE CLASS. TOPICS:
A rainy day plan ruined
Write about a day when your plans to go outside were
affected by bad weather. Use linkers to explain reasons and contrasts like
because, although, and phrasal verbs like put off, catch up on.
A surprise visit from a friend
Describe when a friend unexpectedly came to visit you. Use
linkers like since, however, and phrasal verbs such as drop by, wind down.
A power outage experience
Tell a story about when the electricity went out at your
house. Use linkers like therefore, furthermore, and phrasal verbs like turn
in and idioms like slept like a log. PHRASAL VERB: GO OUT. The light went out.
Preparing for an important event
Write about the steps you took to get ready for an important
meeting or celebration. Use linkers to show cause and effect, like because, on
the other hand, and phrasal verbs such as head out or carry on.
A weekend adventure plan
Describe your ideal weekend adventure and what you would do.
Use a mix of linkers and phrasal verbs to connect ideas naturally throughout
the story (phrasal verbs: set off, head out (to))
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COMPARING THINGS AND TALKING ABOUT THAT CHANGE: comparatives and superlatives
"Way more" is an informal expression used to
emphasize that there is a lot more of something — much greater in amount,
degree, or extent than expected or compared to something else.
It is stronger than just saying "more."
How to Use "Way More"
It is often placed before nouns, adjectives, or
comparatives.
It adds emphasis and suggests a significant difference.
Examples with "Way More"
Before nouns:
"There are way more people at the concert than last
year."
"She has way more experience than I do."
Before adjectives/comparatives:
"This exam was way more difficult than I thought."
"He is way more talented than his classmates."
"I'm feeling way more confident today."
Farther
Refers to physical distance that can be measured.
Example: "The gas station is farther down the
road."
Used more in American English for literal, measurable
distances.
Further
Refers to figurative or abstract distance — like degree,
extent, or time.
Example: "We need to discuss this further."
Also used to mean "more" or
"additional," e.g., "Further research is needed."
Can also mean to promote or advance something ("She
furthered her career").
PRACTICE THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES WITH THE FOLLOWING DIALOGUES
Dialogue 1
A: This restaurant is better than the one we went to last
week.
B: I agree. They really bring out the flavors in their
dishes.
A: Yeah, their food is out of this world!
B: We should check it out again soon.
A: Definitely, I’m hungry just thinking about it!
Dialogue 2
A: Your car is faster than mine.
B: Thanks! I need to keep up with the traffic on the
highway.
A: I always feel like I’m playing catch up driving behind
you.
B: Ha! Just don’t try to speed up too much.
A: Don’t worry, safety first!
Dialogue 3
A: The new phone is more expensive but much easier to use.
B: Yeah, I didn’t expect it to live up to the hype, but it
does.
A: Sometimes, paying more is worth it.
B: I’m glad I didn’t pass it up.
A: Good call!
Dialogue 4
A: This exam is harder than the last one.
B: I know! I had to stay up late to study.
A: Me too, but I hope it pays off.
B: It will, if we keep putting in the effort.
A: Let’s hang in there together!
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CONFIRMING INFORMATION: question tags
Question tags are short questions added to the end of a
statement to confirm information or ask for agreement. They make the sentence
sound more friendly and interactive.
The basic rules for forming question tags are:
When the main sentence is positive, the question tag is
negative.
Example: She is coming, isn't she?
When the main sentence is negative, the question tag is
positive.
Example: They aren't ready, are they?
The question tag uses the auxiliary verb from the main
sentence (do, does, did, is, are, have, etc.) plus the appropriate pronoun (I,
you, he, she, it, we, they).
Examples:
You like coffee, don't you?
He doesn't work here, does he?
They were late, weren't they?
She can swim, can't she?
Special cases:
If the sentence has no auxiliary (present simple or past
simple), use do/does/did in the tag.
With "I am," the tag is aren't I? (not
"amn't I?")
Imperative sentences use "will you?", "won't
you?", or "can't you?" as tags.
Let’s + tag: use "shall we?" Example: Let's go,
shall we?
Question tags are useful for checking information and
encouraging a response in conversation.
Complex question tags in English with examples
Negative statement with positive tag:
You haven’t finished the project, have you?
She didn’t say anything, did she?
Past perfect:
They had left by the time I arrived, hadn’t they?
He hadn’t seen the movie, had he?
Future with will:
She will come to the party, won’t she?
You won’t forget, will you?
Modals:
You can swim well, can’t you?
They must be there by now, mustn’t they?
Imperatives:
Close the window, will you?
Don’t be late, will you?
Mixed positive-positive or negative-negative for emphasis:
So you think that’s a good idea, do you? (surprise or
doubt)
You don’t care, don’t you? (anger or irritation)
Using “I am”:
I am right, aren’t I?
ORAL PRACTICE
Dialogue 1
A: You decided to break up with your partner last month,
didn’t you?
B: Yes, it was a difficult decision, but we just couldn’t
make it work anymore.
A: It’s better to move on than to stay unhappy, isn’t it?
B: Absolutely, I’m focusing on myself now.
Dialogue 2
A: Yesterday, I came across an old diary from my childhood,
didn’t I?
B: That must have brought back a lot of memories.
A: It did! I realized how much I’ve changed, haven’t I?
B: People grow a lot over time.
Dialogue 3
A: They carried on with the project despite the challenges,
didn’t they?
B: Yes, their determination really paid off in the end.
A: It’s inspiring to see such commitment, isn’t it?
B: For sure. Giving up was never an option for them.
Dialogue 4
A: She’s going to bring up the issue during the meeting
tomorrow, isn’t she?
B: That’s right. It’s important to address it before it
becomes a bigger problem.
A: Hopefully, they come up with a good solution, won’t
they?
B: I hope so too. It would really help the whole team.
DICTATION-- on the READING PRACTICE PAGE
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REPORTED SPEECH: PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE
Reported speech is used to tell someone what another person said without repeating the exact words. When using reported speech, verbs and time expressions often change depending on whether the original sentence is in present, past, or future tense.
Reported Speech in Present Tense
If the reporting verb (say, tell) is in the present, the tense of the original sentence usually stays the same.
Example:
Direct speech: "I like ice cream," she says.
Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.
Reported Speech in Past Tense
When the reporting verb is in the past (said, told), the tenses in the original sentence usually move one step back in time (called backshifting).
| Direct Speech (Present) | Reported Speech (Past) |
|---|---|
| "I like ice cream," she said. | She said (that) she liked ice cream. |
| "I am watching TV," he said. | He said (that) he was watching TV. |
| Direct Speech (Past) | Reported Speech (Past Perfect) |
|---|---|
| "I saw the movie," she said. | She said (that) she had seen the movie. |
| "I was running," he said. | He said (that) he had been running. |
Reported Speech in Future Tense
The future tense usually changes "will" into "would" in reported speech.
Example:
Direct speech: "I will come tomorrow," he said.
Reported speech: He said (that) he would come the next day.
Time Expressions Changes
When changing from direct to reported speech, words indicating time often change:
today → that day
tomorrow → the next day / the following day
yesterday → the day before / the previous day
Summary Examples
Present: "I love playing," she said. → She said (that) she loved playing.
Past: "I played yesterday," he said. → He said (that) he had played the day before.
Future: "I will help you tomorrow," they said. → They said (that) they would help the next day.
This grammar structure helps express what someone said more naturally in conversation or writing when not quoting their exact words.
Present Tense Reported Speech
(When the reporting verb is in the present, the tense usually stays the same.)
She says "I am hungry" → She says she is hungry "now".
He says "I like football" → He says he likes football "today".
They say "We live in New York" → They say they live in New York "at the moment".
Mom says "I am tired" → Mom says she is tired "right now".
John says "I play piano" → John says he plays piano "every day".
Lisa says "I am reading a book" → Lisa says she is reading a book "this evening".
Dad says "I work at a bank" → Dad says he works at a bank "currently".
They say "We are happy" → They say they are happy "these days".
Sarah says "I study English" → Sarah says she studies English "this year".
He says "I go swimming" → He says he goes swimming "on Mondays".
Past Tense Reported Speech
(When the reporting verb is in the past, tenses shift back and time phrases change accordingly.)
She said "I am hungry" → She said she was hungry "then".
He said "I like football" → He said he liked football "at that time".
They said "We live in New York" → They said they lived in New York "back then".
Mom said "I am tired" → Mom said she was tired "yesterday".
John said "I play piano" → John said he played piano "last week".
Lisa said "I am reading a book" → Lisa said she was reading a book "that evening".
Dad said "I work at a bank" → Dad said he worked at a bank "before".
They said "We are happy" → They said they were happy "at that moment".
Sarah said "I study English" → Sarah said she studied English "last year".
He said "I go swimming" → He said he went swimming "last Monday".
Future Tense Reported Speech
(“Will” changes to “would” and time phrases change for future events.)
She said "I will go to school" → She said she would go to school "the next day".
He said "I will call you" → He said he would call me "tomorrow".
They said "We will travel" → They said they would travel "next week".
Mom said "I will cook dinner" → Mom said she would cook dinner "tonight".
John said "I will help you" → John said he would help me "soon".
Lisa said "I will finish my homework" → Lisa said she would finish her homework "later".
Dad said "I will buy a car" → Dad said he would buy a car "next month".
They said "We will celebrate" → They said they would celebrate "on Monday".
Sarah said "I will visit you" → Sarah said she would visit me "next year".
He said "I will start work" → He said he would start work "soon"
WRITE A DIALOGUE IN WHICH YOU PRACTICE REPORTED SPEECH AND USE THE CHANGES IN TIME EXPRESSIONS
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04/11/2025 - 08/11/2025
I love watching documentaries on TV.
I prefer reading newspapers to getting news online.
I enjoy listening to podcasts during my commute.
I don’t like writing messages; I find it boring.
I really like scrolling through social media in my free
time.
I hate watching reality TV shows because they seem fake.
I prefer live broadcasting to recorded programs.
I enjoy watching sports on satellite television.
I like listening to music on streaming services more than on
the radio.
I don’t like reading long articles; I prefer short news
videos.
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05/11/2025 - 08/11/2025
TALKING ABOUT PRESENT AND FUTURE ACTIONS
PRESENT SIMPLE
READING
My name is Anna, and I live in a small town near the
mountains. Every day, I wake up early and start my morning routine. I usually
drink coffee and read the news online. Then, I go to work at the local school
where I teach English to children. I enjoy my job very much because I like
helping students learn new things.
Right now, I am writing an email to my friend because she is
visiting my town next week. While I usually drink coffee in the morning, today
I am drinking tea to try something different. At the moment, the sun is
shining, and birds are singing outside my window.
In the afternoons, I often go for a walk or meet my friends
at a café. However, today I am staying at home because I have some work to
finish. Sometimes I think about learning how to play the guitar, but I don’t
have much free time.
In the evenings, I like to watch TV or read books. Right
now, I am watching a new series on Netflix, and it is very interesting. My
brother usually watches sports, but today he is playing video games.
I am happy with my life here. Every weekend, I visit my
parents and spend time with my family. I love the mountains and the fresh air,
and I enjoy living in a small town where life is peaceful.
QUESTIONS
What does Anna usually do in the morning?
What is Anna doing right now?
Why is Anna drinking tea today instead of coffee?
What does Anna like to do in the evenings?
What is Anna’s brother doing today?
PAST TENSE
Last summer, I traveled to Spain with my family. We visited
many beautiful cities and enjoyed walking through old streets and museums. In
Madrid, we saw famous paintings and tasted delicious food at local restaurants.
Every morning, we woke up early and planned our day.
One day, we took a train to Barcelona. The city was very
lively and full of tourists. We visited the Sagrada Familia church and climbed
to the top to see the amazing view. I took many photos and bought souvenirs for
my friends.
In the afternoons, we rested at the hotel or walked by the
beach. One afternoon, it rained a lot, so we decided to visit an art gallery
instead. We learned about famous Spanish artists and their work.
At night, we often went to small cafés and tried traditional
dishes like paella and tapas. I loved the experience of tasting new foods and
listening to live music.
Technology changes our world every day. People use
smartphones and computers to stay connected and get information quickly. Last
year, a new app blew up overnight, helping millions of users share videos and
ideas in seconds. It really took the internet by storm.
Recently, many companies have rolled out new gadgets that
make life easier. For example, smart home devices can turn lights on and off or
play music with just a voice command. Some people jumped on the bandwagon and
bought these devices as soon as they came out.
A few days ago, I tried out a virtual reality headset for
the first time. It blew me away! The experience was so real that I forgot I was
just sitting in my living room. Technology is moving fast, and it’s hard to
keep up sometimes.
Even though tech can be tricky, it’s important to keep up
with updates and learn how to use new tools. Otherwise, you might get left
behind. Overall, technology opens up many exciting opportunities, and I can’t
wait to see what comes next.
A: Did you try that new virtual reality headset yet?
B: Yes, I did! It really blew me away. It felt so real.
A: I know, right? Technology is moving fast. I usually keep
up with new gadgets, but this one really took me by surprise.
B: Last week, I jumped on the bandwagon and bought a smart
speaker for my home. It makes things easier, like turning lights on and off
with my voice.
A: That sounds cool! I haven't caught up with the latest
tech yet. I fell behind after my phone crashed last month.
B: Oh no! Did you manage to fix it?
A: Yes, but it took me all day to start all over again. I
lost some files, but I’m back on track now.
B: Sometimes tech can be tricky, but it’s worth it. Don’t get
left behind!
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